Dr. Maya Angelou (personality theory) Essay

Dr. Maya Angelou was conceived Marguerite Johnson on April 4, 1928, in St. Louis, Missouri. Her dad, Baily Johnson, was a concierge, and, later a dietician for the naval force. Her mom, Vivian Johnson, was an enlisted nurture. When Angelou was three years of age, her folks were separated. They sent her and her four-year-old sibling, Baily, Jr., to live with their fatherly grandma, Annie Henderson, in Stamps, Arkansas. Henderson ran a little broad store and figured out how to scratch by. She kept on doing as such after her grandkids joined her. Angelou’s grandma was one the numerous solid who prepared her, helped her, and furnished her with good examples. The individuals of her congregation likewise supported her and gave her a feeling of having a place with a network. Be that as it may, her youngster hood in the south was a bad dream. In 1982, Maya Angelou revealed to Ebony Magazine about Stamps. She stated: â€Å"When I was taken to California by my grandma, I promised never to come back to the horrid, mortifying south. Aside from a conditional excursion to visit when I was eighteen, I didn’t break my guarantee until I was forty years old.† At the point when she was seven and a half, Angelou left Stamps to visit with her mom. While there, she was assaulted by her mother’s beau. He was attempted, seen as blameworthy, and kicked to death in jail. The befuddled young lady felt answerable for his passing and pulled back into herself. â€Å"I was quiet for a long time, I wasn’t adorable and didn’t talk. I thought he was executed in light of the fact that I talked his name that was the main rationale I had the option to utilize. So I thought on the off chance that I talked, anyone may die.† In dissatisfaction, her mom sent her back to Stamps. Her enthusiastic withdrawal made many think about her as in reverse, yet her grandma didn't abandon her. â€Å"My grandma revealed to me constantly, ‘Sister, Mama don’t care what these individuals state about you being a numbskull, being an imbecile. Mother don’t care. Mom know, Sister, when you and the great Lord prepare, you’re go ing to be a preacher.'† Angelou was likewise helped by a lady named Bertha Flowers, who acquainted her with writing. When of her graduation from eighth grade, she was at the leader of her group. While going to secondary school, she took show and move exercises. She at that point concluded that she needed to be a trolley conductor in San Francisco. In spite of the fact that San Francisco had never had a Black conductor and was not anxious to enlist one, she continued and, with her mother’s support figured out how to achieve her objective. At sixteen Angelou brought forth her child, Guy. She didn't design herâ pregnancy however has consistently been thankful that it occurred. â€Å"The most noteworthy blessing I’ve ever had was the introduction of my child. Since when he was little, I knew more than he, I expected to be his instructor. So as a result of him, I taught myself. He started to pose inquiries I didn’t have the responses to, so I began my deep rooted relationship with libraries . . . I’ve took in a terrible part as a result of him. â€Å" All things considered, her life right now was difficult. Notwithstanding showing her child, she likewise needed to help him. She was a cook and a dance club server and, for a brief timeframe, â€Å"madam† for two lesbian whores. She started taking medications yet then quit subsequent to seeing what they had done to her sibling. At the point when she was twenty-two, Angelou wedded Tosh Angelos, a white previous mariner. After two years she left him and turned into an expert artist. She at that point moved to New York to seek after a vocation and study with Pearl Primus. In 1954, she was thrown in a creation of Porgy and Bess that visited Europe and Africa. At the point when she returned to the United States, in 1960-61, she was northern organizer of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). In 1961 she additionally showed up in an acclaimed off-Broadway creation of the Blacks, by Jean Genet. The show was exceptionally fruitful and ran until 1964. At this point, Angelou was composing verse, short stories, and melodies. Her notoriety was developing. In 1970, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings was distributed. It turned into a success and a moment exemplary, and turned into a made-for-TV film. In 1971, her screenplay Georgia, was made into a film, making her the principal Black lady to have a unique screenplay created. The four different volumes of her personal history are, Gather Together in My Name (1974), Singin’ and Swingin’ and Gettin’ Merry Like Christmas (1976), The Heart of a lady (1981), and All God’s Children Need Travelin Shoes (1986). She additionally distributed a few volumes of verse and has been named for the Pulitzer Prize for one of the, Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ‘fore I Diiie (1971). In 1973, Angelou showed up on Broadway in Look Away and was named for a Tony Award. In 1977 she got an Emmy assignment for her presentation in the small scale arrangement Roots. She was delegated to the Bicentennial Commission by President Gerald Ford and to the Commission of International Women’s Year by President Jimmy Carter. For many Americans, one of the most paramount minutes during the introduction of President Bill Clinton, on January 20, 1993, came when Maya Angelou recounted the sonnet, â€Å"On the Pulse of Morning† not since 1961, when Robert Frost read his work at the service for president John F. Kennedy, had an artist participated in a presidential introduction. Dr. Angelou is most popular for the main volume of her self-portrayal, in it, she boldly talks about her fight to conquer misuse, assault, and neediness. For a huge number of youthful Black ladies perusing the book, it is a method of section for the individuals who have been also exploited, it resembles a mitigating balm that recuperates the injuries. Angelou gives a voice to the voiceless; she says, â€Å"You’re not the only one. In transpired as well. You are not to fault. You will survive.† The Humanistic methodology can be applied to Dr. Maya Angelou’s history in various manners. So as to do as such, I endeavored to take each piece by piece to increase an away from of both. Starting with the four components of the methodology: clearly she acknowledges character obligation regarding her life, and doesn’t accuse any other individual for anything awful that may have happened to her. She hasn’t permitted any other individual to settle on her choices. Her requirement for self-awareness doesn’t appear as though it has been met because of the way that she keeps on working and take a stab at additional. I would consider Dr. Angelou to be a completely working individual since she confides in her own emotions, and encounters them profoundly. It is anything but difficult to educate that she truly minds regarding others and is a genuine humanist (inspiration by development need). When taking a gander at Manslow’s progressive system of requirements, clearly her physiological needs have been met, essentially on the grounds that, she is as yet alive. Since her life as a kid was exceptionally disorderly and her future was unusual, her security needs were not met around then. Articulations, for example, â€Å"All my life, everything has been about endurance. The entirety of my words are intended to state. ‘You may experience numerous thrashings however you should not be vanquished. Truth be told the experience might be the very experience which made the essentialness and the ability to suffer, â€Å"‘ persuade the she has, be that as it may, figured out how to figure out how to balance out her life and have those necessities met. â€Å"What I might want said about me is that I set out to love.† She said to Essence Magazine. â€Å"By love I mean the condition in the human soul so significant it urges us to create mental fortitude and assemble extensions and figure out how to confide in those scaffolds and cross the scaffolds in endeavor to arrive at other human beings.† This shows her belongingness and love needs have been met on the grounds that she realizes that they are significant and has permitted them to be. I accept that the sort of affection embraced by Angelou is B-love since she is truly worried about the prosperity and development of others. I could tell that her confidence needs have additionally been met in such a case that they weren’t, she wouldn’t be as effective as she seems to be. One proclamation in the book that truly stood apart to me about self-realization was made by Manslow†: A craftsman must paint, a writer must compose, on the off chance that he is to be eventually content with himself. What a man can be, he should be. He should be consistent with his own nature.† I feel that despite the fact that Angelou is accomplishing something that fulfills her, and that she cherishes, her self realization needs have not been met on the grounds that she keeps on accomplishing more. I for one accept that in the event that these requirements are met, at that point individuals lose their inspiration and drive to live, in light of the fact that there is nothing to accomplish, no objectives to reach, which brings about nothing to anticipate any longer. Maya Angelou is a mentally solid individual since she does groups self-completing inventiveness, which is appeared in her composition, she acknowledges herself, and communicates openly. I think her life is by all accounts brimming with ideal encounters, one of which is composing. She has expressed that she â€Å"can compose for eighteen hours in a row in complete isolation and not notice it.† She additionally appears to have no issue with exposure, which is clear since she is an author. She ceaselessly puts her sentiments and feelings in plain view. She reveals occasions that are horrendous just as those that are not, which is by all accounts bravo self-advancement since it is an extraordinary discharge. I’m not so much sure if Dr. Angelou has encountered dejection, however it is conceivable in light of the fact that everybody has felt that path at once or another. â€Å"One would state of my life-conceived washout must be: from a messed up family, assaulted at eight, unwed mother at sixteen . . . actually yet that’s not reality. Operating at a profit network, anyway terrible it looks, there’s a great deal of adoration and muchâ humor.† This announcement shows that there are numerous manners by which race, and sex have influenced Angelou’s life since she wou

Alcohol vs Marijuana Free Essays

Liquor and cannabis are two medications ordinarily utilized and manhandled in the United States. Liquor is the main mishandled medicate, while maryjane is number one among illicit medications. While liquor stays lawful, and cannabis unlawful, this doesn't really imply that liquor is better for you. We will compose a custom article test on Liquor versus Marijuana or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now There have been numerous contentions where individuals propose that maryjane ought to be legitimate in light of the fact that liquor is all the more fatal. Then again, there are drunkards who might tell a pothead that smoking weed is awful for you. The two substances are terrible for your wellbeing and ought not be vigorously utilized by anybody however we do should be somewhat more melancholy to the individuals that take drugs since you don’t recognize what they experience in life . In spite of the fact that, Marijuana has such an awful notoriety Marijuana is one of the most widely recognized medication today and its likewise arrant. In any case, what precisely is pot? Maryjane is a green, earthy colored, or dark blend of dried, destroyed leaves, stems, seed, and blossoms of the hemp plants. There are a great deal of names for this medication and they are: pot, herb, weed, grass, blast, mary jane, criminal, or constant. Weed has been around for a long time and has been believed to be unlawful and destructive. Yet, weed has been utilized for clinical reasons, including: medication, hemp rope, rough fabric and happiness. For what reason do youngsters use weed? There are numerous reasons why they do that and most youngsters smoke weed on the grounds that their companions or siblings and sisters use pot and compel them to attempt it. others may think its cool to utilize cannabis since they hear melodies about it and see it on TV and in motion pictures. A few youngsters may feel they need maryjane and different medications to assist them with getting away from their issues at home, at school, or with companions. Liquor is a medication that is delegated a focal sensory system depressant. There are three types of liquor, lager, wine and refined spirits. Liquor is one of the most normally utilized medications in the United States and has progressively unfavorable impacts that most different medications joined. There are numerous angles to consider when considering liquor a medication. There are numerous legends encompassing liquor, including who utilizes it, what its impacts are on clients, social and sexual circumstances and the sums individuals drink. Most by far of the American populace utilizes liquor and from numerous points of view and this likewise causes various impacts. Liquor is likewise has an extraordinary causation in violations submitted by clients, social, clinical, and instructive issues because of utilization also. Maryjane and liquor are comparable from numerous points of view since weed and alcohols appears to fulfill most young people in today’s world. Some of there comparative impacts are that the two of them make you eager and languid and the two of them make you escape from the real world. At the point when I state the two of them make you escape from reality I imply that a great many people drink in smoke since they are experiencing something and they just don’t need to consider it any longer and that’s how they escape from the real world. If they somehow happened to dispose of weed and liquor I feel that would be entirely imposing. As should be obvious maryjane and liquor are the most widely recognized medications utilized in today’s society yet does that make it directly for everybody to isn't that right? Should liquor be unlawful since cannabis is illicit or would it be a good idea for them to both be lawful? Those are a portion of the inquiries you need to pose to yourself in light of the fact that on the grounds that your companions are drinking and smoking doesn’t mean you need to drink and smoke likewise, jus be over the impact! The most effective method to refer to Alcohol versus Marijuana, Papers

Depression Symptoms, Reasons, Self-Test, Therapy

Depression Symptoms, Reasons, Self-Test, Therapy Depression is a condition which starts by causing mood disorders and changes in your thinking, feeling and your generally functioning. It then proceeds to cause feelings of helplessness, hopelessness and even worthlessness.This is the point at which you are diagnosed with depression as you lose touch with much of life. You start imagining an impending doom even though there are no threats.Typically, everyone feels depressed at one point in time but they may not necessarily be diagnosed with depression. If it’s really bad, they may suffer from anxiety. If the anxiety is however left unchecked, it can lead to depression. Though closely related, anxiety and depression have some differences.The 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) indicates that in 2015, 16.2 million American adults had experienced at least one major depressive episode. Women were also at higher risk (8.5%) of experiencing an episode as compared to men (4.8%).According to WHO, more than 300 million peopl e globally suffer from depression. It is also the leading cause of disability worldwide.In some cases, depression can be an extreme result of untreated and worsening stress. In such a case, the stress will lead to anxiety and eventually depression. Still, some people experience depression without going through stress or anxiety.SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSIONAs with any other condition, depression has symptoms by which it can be detected.Some of these symptoms are the same as those of anxiety due to the close relation between the two conditions.These symptoms are:Feelings of helplessness and hopelessnessThis is very characteristic of depression as it signifies that you have come to the end of yourself. You either feel like giving up or you simply give up.You look at the situations you are in and can only see them from a negative perspective. You are convinced that things are so wrong that they cannot change. More than that, you believe that there is nothing you can do to make things better.Y ou then give up and start having suicidal thoughts. These may escalate to actual attempts to commit suicide.If you have had suicidal thoughts or have attempted suicide, you need to know that the situation you are in is not beyond improvement. Things can definitely get better. To stop experiencing these thoughts, get help by calling 1-800-273-8255 or seek help from here.Loss of interest in daily activitiesOne of the visibly evident symptoms of depression is the loss of interest in the activities which previously brought you joy. This is referred to as anhedonia.Every human being has certain likes and desires to enjoy time with friends and family as part of bonding. For you however, this is not the case.From the hobbies you had to any activity you may be invited to participate in, nothing stirs up your interest. At the same time, you no longer care about any pastimes like swimming, reading or even watching TV.Related to the loss of interest is the reduced ability to feel pleasure. If you engaged in an activity you previously enjoyed, you may still be unable to derive any pleasure from it. This includes partying, listening to music and even having sex.To manage this, it is important that you continue with your regular activities. You can reduce the number of activities but don’t stop them altogether. Also, stay open to support from friends, family and online communities.Changes in appetite and weightDepression also affects your appetite levels. This can go either way. You may experience increased appetite and go on a binge while eating foods which are unhealthy. On the other hand, your appetite levels may decrease and you start skipping meals.As a result, you will end up with either an increase or decrease in weight. Since you will be feeling an inability to control this, more feelings of helplessness may develop. Your overall health will also be negatively impacted.For example, an increase in food intake can lead to bigger health problems. One of the things yo u may be doing at this point is emotional eating. This can happen almost naturally, as you reach for some food to make yourself feel better.Since you will most likely not be cooking, you will just reach for some junk food. But did you know that eating junk food can lead to depression? When having depression and eating junk food, not only are you destroying your health but also feeding your depression.Self-loathingThis is a big telltale sign of depression, especially at an advanced stage. You begin hating yourself for something that you may have done which you feel was wrong. Although normal responses to wrongdoing are acknowledging the wrong, apologizing then moving on, this doesn’t work for you.Instead of following through this process to the end where there is self-forgiveness, you only go as far as acknowledging the wrong you did. Your view of the wrong is magnified and although you may not know it, you blow it out of proportion.You end up only seeing how wrong you are and how big the wrong is. Being a normal person, you will obviously make other mistakes. And since you never moved on past the previous one, you will end up labeling yourself a failure.You feel immense guilt and start telling yourself that you make more mistakes than everyone else. You harshly criticize yourself and ignore any forgiveness you have received from the people you wronged. You do not believe that they forgave you because you think that your mistake was too big to be forgiven.This leads you to think that you are not as good as others. You focus on the good and success of others while only seeing your failures. Eventually, you end up with feelings of worthlessness.If you have gotten to this point, a good way of dealing with those feelings is to say to yourself that you are worth it. You are important.You have something to offer to the world. Whether it makes sense or not, tell yourself, repeatedly, that you are important and try your best to believe it.“Whatever the mind of man can conceive and believe, it can achieve.” Napoleon Hill.Here is a video to help you fight off those feelings of worthlessness. Speaking creates your reality. If you consistently tell yourself that you are important, you will gradually develop the strength to act accordingly. And this will help you lessen the bad situation.Feelings of worthlessness make you isolate yourself and think that you are of no value. This opens the way for suicidal thoughts to flourish.Changes in sleepWhen experiencing depression, one of the common symptoms you will have is changes in your sleep patterns. Whereas normally you would have stayed awake during the day then sleep at night, this routine changes. Or the sleep duration changes.Depression can cause various changes in your sleep. It may be that you will completely lack sleep or sleep but be unable to do so for long enough for your body to recharge. Though insomnia can also be experienced at lower or even normal levels of stress, it becomes worse wh en depression is the underlying factor.Another sleep problem is oversleeping. This is just as bad as having little or no sleep. It directs your mind to operate in an unusual pattern. Instead of waking up in the morning and going to work or doing your home chores, you oversleep and by the time you wake up, you’re already tired.Still, sleep changes can occur in a different manner. You may go to bed in good time and plan to wake up at a certain time. Nevertheless, you will wake up earlier than you expected. You may lose all your sleep at 3:00 am and be unable to get back to sleep. This is known as early-morning wakefulness.Do not think that as the name suggests, you will be waking up early thus become more productive. You will actually be very unproductive. The first reason is that you never had enough sleep. Secondly, you woke up early as a result of depression, not because you are pursuing the completion of a project.Anger or irritabilityAnger is an emotion that is part of the huma n body. As such, it must be expressed whenever it arises. As normal as getting angry is, it is quite different if you have depression.Depression makes you irritable. You become short-tempered and can easily get angry. At the slightest provocation, you can burst out in anger.This is even in situations where there really is no validity in your over-reaction. To you however, you are not over-reacting but just responding accordingly.At the same time, irritability makes you prone to violence. With every outburst of anger, you move closer to making violence your normal response to situations which do not please you. This deteriorates without much of your knowing. It is only those around you that may notice the worsening.Another sign of irritability during depression is restlessness. You simply lack the ability to be patient, whether with people or when in situations beyond your control. You cannot relax or stay calm either while waiting for something or just to allow yourself some rest.Lo ss of energyAs someone experiencing depression, you will often find that you do not have enough energy to undertake tasks you used to normally do well. If you were taking twenty minutes to complete a task, the same may now be taking you one hour.Your easily become exhausted even without doing a lot of physically-intensive work. You feel physically drained and quickly run out of the energy required to perform important duties.You will also be sluggish in your work. Whether at your place of work or at home, you become unable to carry out tasks with speed. You may know that you have a deadline but still, be unable to bring yourself to work as fast as needed.Engaging in escapist behaviorsHaving recognized your wrongdoings and isolated yourself, you will naturally seek ways of relieving yourself of the thoughts you have. This is because feelings of worthlessness and suicidal thoughts are oppressive in nature.Your body is made to naturally protect you from harm. So when these thoughts ove rwhelm your mind, you will look for an outlet to release them so that you can feel good about yourself.The easiest and quickest route you may take is that of substance abuse. You will likely start by abusing social drugs. Though you may have a temporary relief, you risk addiction and other health problems.Other escapist behaviors include compulsive gambling. You do not just gamble to get rich but gamble just to take your mind away from the thoughts troubling you.Gambling can be attractive because it makes you feel good when you win. Unfortunately, the wins are not always guaranteed and by gambling, you just increase your depression levels. With some casinos operating round the clock, you may lose track of time and spend days gambling without going home.Betting is also a common form of gambling. This gives the impression of convenience with options available for betting through your mobile phone. Betting companies have gone mobile to enable people bet from virtually anywhere.The prob lem with these escapist behaviors is that you do not feel like you have anything to lose. You can easily put in all your life savings on the bet hoping to win big. You either fail to realize or you disregard the fact that betting firms and bookies are businesses. As such, they ensure they make profit.You lack concentrationFor you to be productive and effective in what you’re doing, it is important to concentrate. This is however a problem when suffering from depression. Despite knowing the importance and even making efforts, you are not able to concentrate.This makes you produce mediocre work. As a result, you set yourself up for feelings of failure. If in employment, your colleagues or boss will definitely complain about the quality of your work. If in business, customers will express dissatisfaction with what you do.This creates some pressure on you to perform better. Your stress levels increase but you are still unable to work things out. Comparison against others will be inevi table, especially when the complaints continue.You may be given compulsory leave at work or forced to shut down your business since you are no longer making any profit.Making decisions is also a big challenge for victims of depression. This is closely tied to the inability to focus. You may have a small issue to deal with but are unable to focus on the real problem.If the problem arose some time back, then you may have challenges remembering the details of the situation. This is because memory loss is also one of the problems that accompany depression.Not understanding the situation, you fear making the wrong decision and end up making no decision at all.The below video explains how depression leads to indecisiveness and how you can handle the situation. Unexplained aches and painsDepression does not only affect your mind but also your body. In any case, doesn’t your mind control the whole of your body? A problem in your mind can cause many other problems all over your body.Depres sion leads to sudden and unexplained body aches, the most common being headaches. You may easily dismiss this to be a symptom of stress but soon realize that it’s not going away. The headache may also not be treatable using regular over-the-counter medication.Back pains are also common as well as muscle pains.You may also experience stomach pains. If you are a woman, you may mistake these to be menstrual cramps, especially if it happens around the time of your menstrual period. These pains are however quite consistent and may be on and off.CAUSES OF DEPRESSIONDepression, like any other condition, has its causes. Rarely will it have only one cause. In most cases, it will be a combination of factors that have worked together to give birth to it.At the same time, these causes can be easily addressed if the symptoms discussed above are identified and addressed early. This will stop the initially-small problem from degenerating and getting out of hand.Depression can be caused by:Life e ventsLife has its ups and downs and everyone goes through them. But people respond to the challenges in life differently. Some are able to cope better than others, thus come out of challenging times better or unscathed.Others unfortunately come out wounded while still, others get stuck in those bad times. This can happen especially psychologically when the event is no more but you are still ruminating about it. You are unable to move on from the effects of what happened. This is how many people get into depression.Something may have happened, shaking you at a personal level. For example, the death of a loved one causes grief. If the grief does not end, it may lead to depression. Or you may have escaped death by a whisker. The memory of such an event haunts you and makes you fearful that it may happen again.Bereavement-related depression can make you feel that there is no need to live if the dead person is no longer alive. You may become preoccupied with thoughts of what you had plan ned to achieve together.If it was your only child, you may have invested a lot of emotions into your relationship with him. You held all his dreams and ambitions dearly and he was a part of your life. His death seems to take away a part of you leading to a sense of emptiness and hopelessness.All the same, bereavement-related depression can be managed, especially if recognized early. Counseling services can be sought while family and friends give support.Another life-related cause of depression is the lack of jobs. You may have great academic qualifications, have sought employment in many companies and gone for numerous interviews. While thinking that you passed the interview, you may be told that you didn’t.Or you simply don’t hear from the interviewers.You may conclude that you will not make much out of yourself due to joblessness. You may get discouraged and believe that you cannot own a home or start a family because you don’t have an income.There are things you can do to a lleviate depression as a result of unsuccessful job searches. For example, you can do volunteer work. This helps you sharpen your skills while networking with people. You never know where your job opportunity will come from.Childhood experiencesThe source of depression in some cases can be traced to childhood experiences. Children are very sensitive and can pick up negative aspects of life quite easily. This is because their minds are developing at a fast rate.For example, your parents’ divorce could have affected you. Though you never understood everything about it, you suddenly realized you no longer had both of your parents. In case there was shared custody, having to wait till the weekend to see your other parent may have had devastating effects on you.You may also have gone through neglect or abuse as a child. Any form of abuse always makes it difficult to move on with life unless properly dealt with. If there was abuse in your home, it may have taken a long time to stop. If the abuse stopped but there was no counseling, then you never got healed.Wounds from abuseâ€"physical, psychological or emotionalâ€"take time to heal. When you face anything similar to the abuse, the memories come back and apart from the haunting, fear also comes upon you with the possibility of crippling you beyond any action. You may want to isolate yourself in an effort to keep yourself safe from the perceived danger.Another cause of depression related to your childhood is the failure to keep up with your peers. This may have come in the form of your inability to read as well as your friends or matching up to their skills in sports.You may have been gifted differently thus unable to express yourself in the same ways as your peers. If this was not made known to you as a child, then you may have concluded that you were not good enough. Yet, it is only that you are unique.This opens the way for depression by downgrading your sense of self-worth, thus affecting your self-esteem. As i t may have happened, you most likely tried engaging in popular sports later on but never made an impact. You may even have suffered humiliation and decided never to try any sport.Such experiences can seem to have gone away until triggered later in life by a similar situation. This is a sure trigger for depression.GeneticsDepression is believed to be caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Of these two, genes is the cause in up to 40% of the cases with the environment being the culprit in the remaining 60%. More than that, you have up to three times more likelihood of experiencing depression if either your parents or siblings have the condition.This means that almost half of those with depression could have had it as a result of a genetic link.Looking at the symptoms of depression discussed above, you will easily manifest anger and irritability if one or both of your parents are irritable. Some pains and aches like chronic headaches and migraines can be hereditary. This add s more weight to the gene factor as a cause of depression.Physical health problemsYour physical health can also contribute to your chances of developing depression. This is mainly because of the stress involved in managing some health conditions. It may simply be overwhelming for you to keep up with all the dosages and requirements for managing those conditions.This can especially be the case if you rarely get sick. When you suddenly become unwell, you have trouble keeping up with the lifestyle change.It may be a disease that takes a long time to treat or a condition that you have after being involved in an accident. For example, you may have to use a wheelchair after a road crash that left you paralyzed from the waist downwards.Apart from the treatments involved and probably several surgeries, this can have a massive dent on your moods and ability to enjoy life as you once did. You will not be able to participate in many social activities or go out as often as preferred.Your privac y will also be interfered with because you need assistance in changing clothes and even bathing. Such occurrences can have a lasting impact on your mental health and lead to depression.Hypoglycemia can also lead to depression. The low blood sugar levels act as a trigger for depressive episodes. If you are already predisposed to depression e.g. through genetic links, this becomes an even bigger risk factor.Other mental health problemsMental health problems have a direct link to depression. This is largely due to the stress that comes with coping with them.For example, if you have anxiety, you will most likely experience depression. Or episodes of it.The line between anxiety and depression can be very blurred, especially if you are either mildly depressed or experiencing high levels of anxiety. For example, extreme anxiety can make you nervous, causing you to think that you’re about to make a mistake.Seeking to do a perfect job, you become stressed and prone to having a panic attack . You become fearful that you are not in control. If this situation recurs many times and you don’t develop coping skills, you will end up depressed.Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can also cause depression. 70% of all Americans have experienced a traumatic event in their lives. From these, up to 20% develop PTSD.Examples of traumatic events include being violently attacked, involved in a car crash, kidnapped, raped or sexually abused, witnessed extreme violence or any other situation which causes you to fear for your life.If you have had such experiences, then your likelihood of developing depression is high. A quick way of reducing these chances is by getting away from the environment in which the traumatic event happened.Other disordersThere are other disorders which could lead to depression. Some of them cause depression due to high levels of stress generated. Others however, especially those that are mood disorders, lead to depression as a result of worsening or untreat ed conditions.One such disorder is Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD). This is mainly experienced by children and adolescents and the main characteristic is irritability. This irritability is persistent and outbursts of anger are common. Their tempers flare quickly and their reactions are usually more severe compared to how their peers would react if in the same situation.Another disorder is the Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), which is a severe extension of the Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS). The symptoms include extreme sadness, irritability, extreme mood shifts and feelings of hopelessness. These symptoms normally resolve once menstruation starts.PMDD can make you believe that you cannot control yourself or your body. This causes feelings of helplessness. On the other hand, some symptoms like irritability can damage your relationships. This can leave you feeling hopeless and believe that you will never build any friendships or even a family.Cyclothymia (cyclothymic disorder) is a mood disorder characterized by emotional ups and downs. It is classified as a type of bipolar disorder whose mood shifts are less severe than those of Bipolar I and II disorders. The highs (hypomanic symptoms) can include feelings of euphoria and an increased drive to achieve goals.The lows (depressive episodes) include feelings of hopelessness, sudden weight loss or gain, fatigue, restlessness and suicidal thoughts.SELF-TESTIt is easy to determine whether you have depression or not. Having been a subject of much research and study, the symptoms have been used to help people diagnose themselves. This also helps you know what exactly you are dealing with, helping you better explain your condition to your doctor.To confirm whether your symptoms indicate depression, you can take this simple online test. It is short and will quickly give you the results and tell you where you stand on the scale of depression.There is an alternative test here which is a bit more detailed. After taking the test, you will be provided with a snapshot report with a summary evaluation. You can optionally purchase the full results for $ 4.95.THERAPYHave you taken the test and ascertained that you have depression?Fear not. No matter the level of depression you are at, it is not the end of life. Depression is treatable and so it is advisable that you immediately seek professional medical help. You will be able to start a treatment program and get more out of life. Watch the below video for some encouragement. As you talk to your doctor about your condition, he will diagnose you and tell you which treatment is best for your specific case.The different types of therapy can be divided into three categories. These are medical, psychological and alternative therapy. These are discussed below.MedicalDrugs used to treat depression are called antidepressants and many different types are available. You however should discuss with your doctor the possible side effects to ensure using the best option. Common antidepressants include:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) â€" these are usually the first medication prescribed by doctors as they have fewer major side effects when compared to others.Serotonin-norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) â€" these have various uses apart from being used for depression. They are also taken for anxiety, obsessive compulsory disorder, menopausal symptoms etc.Tricyclic antidepressants â€" these are powerful and normally very effective in tackling depression. The only downside of using them is that they cause severe side effects. They can only be prescribed after SSRIs have been confirmed to provide no relief.Other medications â€" your doctor may prescribe other medication to help make the antidepressants more effective. Such medication may include mood stabilizers and antipsychotics.PsychotherapyThis involves talking with a mental health professional and is often referred to as “talking therapy”. In most cases, psychotherapy will be recommended as treatment to be taken alongside medication. This is because it helps you remain well after recovery from depression.There are various psychotherapy options from which your psychotherapist will choose the best for you. Some of them are:Cognitive behavior therapy â€" this option is centered on helping you change your outlook of life. Since depression typically makes you think negatively, CBT helps you develop a habit of positive thinking.Interpersonal psychotherapy â€" this treatment is based on the assumption that depression and interpersonal challenges are related. This is because most of the depression cases can be traced to aspects of your social life at work or in relationships. Therefore, once you are able to recognize the connection between your relationships and your vulnerabilities, e.g. weaknesses due to your personality, then you’re better able to cope with life challenges.Positive psychology â€" this will focus on the conditions that lead to an optimal functioning and a happy life. This will mainly be through engaging in activities which help you improve your well-being. One of the biggest things you learn from this is letting go of anger and resentment.Self-help and alternative therapyAt times, you may not be able to seek medical attention immediately. The good news is that it is possible to still start therapy on your own.Some of the therapy options available are exercising, taking foods rich in omega-3, taking St. John’s Wort and other depression-relieving supplements.It is important to note that any kind of medication taken should be done after consultations with your doctor about the side effects. Alternatively, do a thorough research online but note that seeing a doctor remains the best option since he can carry out tests to determine what your body may or may not react to.Ensure you know how the medication you’re taking will interact with your body in case you’re taking other medication. Also note that you should not abruptly stop taking the medication.CONCLUSIONDepression can affect your life negatively if not dealt with. The most comforting thing to know is that it is treatable.Do not be discouraged or allow yourself to go on a downward spiral. Talk to your doctor.Also reach out for support from your family and friends.

Best Pre-Med Schools for Future Doctors

Social Identity Theory Definition, Examples, Impact

Social identity is the part of the self that is defined by one’s group memberships. Social identity theory, which was formulated by social psychologist Henri Tajfel and John Turner in the 1970s, describes the conditions under which social identity becomes more important than one’s identity as an individual. The theory also specifies the ways in which social identity can influence intergroup behavior. Key Takeaways: Social Identity Theory Social identity theory, introduced by social psychologists Henri Tajfel and John Turner in the 1970s, describes the cognitive processes related to social identity and how social identity impacts intergroup behavior.Social identity theory is built on three key cognitive components: social categorization, social identification, and social comparison.Generally, individuals wish to maintain a positive social identity by maintaining their group’s favorable social standing over that of relevant out-groups.In-group favoritism can result in negative and discriminatory outcomes, but research demonstrates that in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination are distinct phenomena, and one does not necessarily predict the other. Origins: Studies of In-Group Favoritism Social identity theory arose from Henri Tajfel’s early work, which examined the way perceptual processes resulted in social stereotypes and prejudice. This led to a series of studies that Tajfel and his colleagues conducted in the early 1970s that are referred to as minimal-group studies. In these studies, participants were arbitrarily assigned to different groups. Despite the fact that their group membership was meaningless, however, the research showed that participants favored the group they were assigned to — their in-group — over the out-group, even if they received no personal benefits from their group membership and had no history with members of either group. The studies demonstrated that group membership was so powerful that simply classifying people into groups is enough to make people think of themselves in terms of that group membership. Furthermore, this categorization led to in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination, indicating that intergroup conflict could exist in the absence of any direct competition between groups. On the basis of this research, Tajfel first defined the concept of social identity in 1972. The concept of social identity was created as a means to consider the way one conceptualizes the self-based on the social groups to which one belongs. Then, Tajfel and his student John Turner introduced social identity theory in 1979. The theory aimed to illuminate both the cognitive processes that lead people to define their group memberships and the motivational processes that enable people to maintain positive social identity by favorably comparing their social group to other groups. Cognitive Processes of Social Identity Social identity theory specifies three mental processes individuals go through to make in-group/out-group classifications. The first process, social categorization, is the process by which we organize individuals into social groups in order to understand our social world. This process enables us to define people, including ourselves, on the basis of the groups to which we belong. We tend to define people based on their social categories more often than their individual characteristics. Social categorization generally results in an emphasis on the similarities of people in the same group and the differences between people in separate groups. One can belong to a variety of social categories, but different categories will be more or less important depending on social circumstances. For example, a person can define themselves as a business executive, an animal lover, and a devoted aunt, but those identities will only come up if they are relevant to the social situation. The second process, social identification, is the process of identifying as a group member. Socially identifying with a group leads individuals to behave in the way that they believe members of that group should behave. For instance, if an individual defines herself as an environmentalist, she may try to conserve water, recycle whenever possible, and march in rallies for climate change awareness. Through this process, people become emotionally invested in their group memberships. Consequently, their self-esteem is impacted by the status of their groups. The third process, social comparison, is the process by which people compare their group with other groups in terms of prestige and social standing. In order to maintain self-esteem, one must perceive his or her in-group as having a higher social standing than an out-group. For example, a movie star might judge himself favorably in comparison to a reality TV show star. Yet, he may see himself as having a lower social standing in comparison to a famous classically-trained Shakespearean actor. It’s important to remember that an in-group member won’t compare themselves with just any out-group — the comparison must be pertinent to the situation. Maintenance of Positive Social Identity As a general rule, people are motivated to feel positive about themselves and maintain their self-esteem. The emotional investments people make in their group memberships results in their self-esteem being tied to the social standing of their in-groups. Consequently, a positive evaluation of ones in-group in comparison to relevant out-groups results in a positive social identity. If a positive evaluation of ones in-group isn’t possible, however, individuals will generally employ one of three strategies: Individual mobility. When an individual does not view her group favorably, she can attempt to  leave the current group and join one with a higher social standing. Of course, this won’t alter the status of the group, but it can alter the status of the individual.Social creativity. In-group members can enhance the social standing of their existing group by adjusting some element of the between-group comparison. This can be accomplished by choosing a different dimension  on which to compare the two groups, or by adjusting value judgments so that what was once thought to be negative is now considered positive. Another option is to compare the in-group to a different out-group—specifically, an out-group that has a lower social status.Social competition. In-group members can attempt to enhance the groups social status by collectively working to improve their situation. In this case, the in-group competes directly with an out-group with the objective of reversing the group s social positions on one or more dimensions. Discrimination Against Out-Groups In-group favoritism and out-group discrimination are often viewed as two sides of the same coin. However, research has shown that this is not necessarily the case. There is not a systematic relationship between the positive perception of one’s in-group and the negative perception of out-groups. Helping in-group members while withholding such help from out-group members differs significantly from actively working to harm out-group members. In-group favoritism can result in negative outcomes, from prejudice and stereotypes to institutional racism and sexism. However, such favoritism does not always lead to hostility towards out-groups. Research demonstrates that in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination are distinct phenomena, and one does not necessarily predict the other. Sources Brewer, Marilynn B. â€Å"Intergroup Relations.† Advanced Social Psychology: The State of the Science, edited by Roy F. Baumeister and Eli J. Finkel, Oxford University Press, 2010, pp. 535-571.Ellemers, Naomi. â€Å"Social Identity Theory.† Encyclopedia Britannica, 2017.McLeod, Saul. â€Å"Social Identity Theory.† Simply Psychology, 2008.Hogg, Michael A., and Kipling D. Williams. â€Å"From I to We: Social Identity and the Collective Self.† Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, vol. 4, no. 1, 2000, pp. 81-97.Tajfel, Henri, and John Turner. â€Å"An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict.† The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, edited by William G. August and Stephen Worchel, Brooks/Cole, 1979, pp. 33-47.

Bradman’s Last Innings Context Free Essays

BRADMAN’S LAST INNINGS CONTEXT Sir Donald Bradman, born in 1908, is the most renowned and respected of Australian cricketers who, although of retiring demeanour, attained heroic stature in the interwar period and captained Australia in test matches against England from 1936 to 1948. He represents an era, long gone, when sportsmen were gentlemen and the love of a game, not dubious ‘star’ status and huge financial rewards, was the inducement to play. In this way, too, he represents an Australia that has now receded into the romantic past, when the kind of man he was and the principles he espoused embodied a unified nation’s beliefs about itself an understated confidence, even in hard times, a sense of fair play and a simplicity (sophisticates, today, would say ‘a simplemindedness) about life and its purposes. We will write a custom essay sample on Bradman’s Last Innings Context or any similar topic only for you Order Now The affection of that society for Bradman was enunciated in the opening phrase of the popular song that was written about him: ‘Our Don Bradman’. Foulcher recalls the cricketer’s reputation, in this poem, and subjects it to his keen poet’s scrutiny. ‘Bradman’s last innings’ is framed by the event commemorated in the title – Bradman’s last appearance at the crease, and the irony of his unceremonious dismissal, on that occasion, without a single run to his credit: Bowled for a duck, you could have asked for better†¦. At the end of the poem, the experience of his last match is more bitterly registered four runs short of that century / average, at the last, betrayed by your own game – as the cruel summation of a brilliant career. Between, Foulcher sketches the great batsman’s life in the context of its significance in Australian history and the momentous national and world events of the earlier part of this century. In making these connections, the poet indicates the national and international renown of Bradman in these tumultuous years. During the grim time of the Great Depression, in the 1930s, ‘so many came to see you’, and were momentarily lifted out of their gloom by his skill forgetting the dole queues, the homes dull with a long democracy. Foulcher’s political comment here is apt in the historical setting of the vigorous challenges to democracy, by Communism and Fascism, especially in Europe, in those days. Australia, though suffering from the worldwide economic slump, was all but immune from such ideological ferment. The adjective ‘dull’ indicates, critically, the sleepiness of the Australian backwater and sets the excitement of Bradman’s appearances both against that dullness and, in praise of old Australia’s isolation and detachment, against the grim excitements of Hitler and Stalin, occurring on the other side of the world. It is an ambiguous compliment, however: while the rest of humanity was being stirred politically, Australians were being distracted by sport. It is a criticism that remains relevant. During the Second World War, Bradman remained an inspiration, though Foulcher, in speaking of women waiting for their Saturday oval husbands does remind us – again, with a touch of criticism – of the sexual inequalities of that society. There is something ambiguous, too, about these ‘husbands’. It is not their wives, precisely, who wait for them – but ‘women’. Are these the men, not at war for a variety of reasons, some valid, some not so, who were reviled (as non-fighting men always are, in wartime) and who often replaced, in women’s affections, the absent husbands? If so, the world in which Bradman continued to be a hero, for such people as these, was by no means as innocent as the game he played. CFAIRJONES KGS 2010 After the war, once again he ‘padded up’ – an icon of constancy in a changing society. But now, the disjunction between what Bradman represented and the world that came to see him is vast. In Foulcher’s analysis (as, indeed, in those of many historical commentators), the moral principles of western civilisation seemed to have been finally destroyed by that conflict, which climaxed in the atomic bomb. Yet Bradman perpetuated the old ideals: you gave people / something the world lacked: rules to / play by, winners, clear white flannels // sharp against the green turf. However, even this image of perfection (beautifully visualised in that crisp whiteness and brilliant green) is imperfect – and, even more disturbingly, Foulcher argues that all ideal conceptions are fallible, in an insistent repetition: But it never works out, never – as he recalls that even Bradman fell short, at the last, of the achievement expected of him. Addressed directly to Sir Donald – in the use of the second person singular – Foulcher’s poem is unique in combining at once a tribute and a lament. He is not bent on diminishing the generations’ celebration of Bradman’s greatness, but his honesty is such that he must set that achievement in the larger context of his interpretation of the human condition – of fate. In other words, with rare poise, Foulcher both communicates the almost mythological stature of Bradman and the fact of the even greater forces in human life – here articulated through the betrayal which cricket, personified, inflicts on its champion – from which even heroes are not immune. CFAIRJONES KGS 2010 How to cite Bradman’s Last Innings Context, Essay examples

The Return Review Essay Example

The Return Review Paper Essay on The Return Iron rule it is a theory that justifies Nazism and terror. The book is very much given to moral aspects, discussing the various philosophical ideas to justify evil. All theories are vile, but at the same time it should be noted the ingenuity of these teachings and how deftly similar teachings can mislead people. Personally, strikes me as deeply digging the author of this book, no matter how interesting and thought out their questions, as he clearly and interestingly describes the philosophy and how they are deep and content are different. It is the second book in a row (which I read) Bernhard Schlink does not change yourself. He makes the reader, first of all, think and reflect. Especially liked the link between the history of the wanderings of Odysseus to tell the story of a soldier returning home. But in addition to the philosophy of the author of a very emotionally describes rural life, the childs childhood spent away from the city (and it is familiar to me). Interestingly describes the changes that have occurred after the fall of the Berlin wall. At the end of a brief talk about the book in addition to filling philosophies that take pride of place in the book. We will write a custom essay sample on The Return Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Return Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Return Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer And so, the book has some interesting plot twists, there are unexpected moments that I personally admired. There is an interesting love story that makes a few turns. The main character, from the narrator, I have personally called tantamount to both positive and negative opinions. book hero goes sometimes very extraordinary. For example, the hero is part of the odyssey in an immoral relationship. Most importantly, we are given a very interesting rich life of human events. Personally, I would like to ask some questions of the book the author, and it would be just fine to argue about the philosophical ideas that he describes in his books. These works of literature is not necessary to read one after the other, because then lost the meaning of reading. The author certainly would like to see a little thoughtful reader would have thought on the issues that the author delivered the judgment of the reader. Therefore, I wish you to read this book, but the rest of the book the authors left for later, and after reading to give the mind a rest day or two.

The eNotes Blog Ode to Adolescence and Maybe John Green #VeryRealisticYA GetsReal

Ode to Adolescence and Maybe John Green #VeryRealisticYA GetsReal If theres one thing we love here at its literature.  We also love wit, and the latest trending hashtag combined both. Last week  #VeryRealisticYA began trending and the results were nothing short of hilarious and harshly truthful. The YA (young-adult) fiction genre is alluring and entertaining for many audiences,  but can be melodramatic and oftentimes unrealistic.  The hashtag participators sought to bring light and realism to the genre.  Theres nothing quite as postmodern as the ironic, honest words of the Twitterverse. Here are a few of our favorites: Broody bad boy says something sexist to quiet, bookish girl. Girl puts him in his place. They never go out ever. #VeryRealisticYA Ava Jae (@Ava_Jae) March 29, 2015 On his 15th birthday, a young man smokes cigarettes and realizes no one really gets The Smiths the way he does. #VeryRealisticYA Saladin Ahmed (@saladinahmed) March 29, 2015 Boy goes to wizard school. Incurs crushing debt; graduates; wizard job market is terrible. Does nothing with wizard degree. #VeryRealisticYA Jeff Zentner (@jeffzentner) March 29, 2015 Girl gets a note reading I KNOW WHAT YOU DID LAST SUMMER. Shes relieved someone is finally reading her tumblr. #VeryRealisticYA (@TheBloggess) March 29, 2015 Boy steals camera. Makes film to impress girl. Creates modern German cinema. #VeryRealisticYA Werner Twertzog (@WernerTwertzog) March 29, 2015 Rebel teens get decent jobs maintaining Dystopian System, decide that its not so bad after all. #VeryRealisticYA Nick Mamatas (@NMamatas) March 29, 2015 Where are you going, young lady? To help the Outsiders overthrow the Authority. Not on a school night, youre not. #VeryRealisticYA Paul Krueger (@NotLikeFreddy) March 29, 2015 Girl of unearthly beauty shows up. Her dark secret? She spends a fortune on moisturizer. #VeryRealisticYA Christina Ladd (@OLaddieGirl) March 30, 2015 Girl doesnt base relationship expectations on Twilight. Becomes a successful, emotionally balanced human being. #VeryRealisticYA Emily M. (@EmiWHEEEEEEEEEE) March 30, 2015 guy playing human wizard rolls a 1 for his skill check while asking out girl playing elvish archer in-game #VeryRealisticYA todd dillard (@toddedillard) March 30, 2015

Battle of Anzio in World War II

Battle of Anzio in World War II The Battle of Anzio commenced on January 22, 1944 and concluded with the fall of Rome on June 5. Part of the Italian Theater of World War II (1939-1945), the campaign was the result of the Allies inability to penetrate the Gustav Line following their landings at Salerno. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill sought to restart the Allied advance and proposed landing troops behind the German positions. Approved despite some resistance, the landings moved forward in January 1944. In the resulting fighting, the Allied landing force was soon contained due to its insufficient size and cautious decisions made by its commander, Major General John P. Lucas. The next several weeks saw the Germans mount a series of attacks which threatened to overwhelm the beachhead. Holding out, the troops at Anzio were reinforced and later played a key role in the Allied breakout at Cassino and the capture of Rome. Invading Italy Following the Allied invasion of Italy in September 1943, American and British forces drove up the peninsula until being halted at the Gustav (Winter) Line in front of Cassino. Unable to penetrate Field Marshal Albert Kesselrings defenses, British General Harold Alexander, commander of Allied forces in Italy, began assessing his options. In an effort to break the stalemate, Churchill proposed Operation Shingle which called for landings behind the Gustav Line at Anzio (Map). While Alexander initially considered a large operation that would land five divisions near Anzio, this was abandoned due to a lack of troops and landing craft.  Lieutenant General Mark Clark, commanding the US Fifth Army, later suggested landing a reinforced division at Anzio with the goal of diverting German attention from Cassino and opening the way for a breakthrough on that front.   Allied Plan Initially ignored by US Chief of Staff General George Marshall, planning moved forward after Churchill appealed to President Franklin Roosevelt. The plan called for Clarks US Fifth Army to attack along the Gustav Line to draw enemy forces south while Lucas VI Corps landed at Anzio and drove northeast into the Alban Hills to threaten the German rear. It was thought that if the Germans responded to the landings it would sufficiently weaken the Gustav Line to permit a breakthrough. If they did not respond, the Shingle troops would be in place to directly threaten Rome.  The Allied leadership also felt that should the Germans be able to respond to both threats, it would pin down forces that otherwise could be employed elsewhere. Field Marshal Harold Alexander. Public Domain As preparations moved forward, Alexander desired Lucas to land and quickly begin offensive operations into the Alban Hills. Clarks final orders to Lucas did not reflect this urgency and gave him flexibility regarding the timing of the advance. This may have been caused by Clarks lack of faith in the plan which he believed required at least two corps or a full army. Lucas shared this uncertainty and believed that he was going ashore with insufficient forces. In the days before landings, Lucas compared the operation to the disastrous Gallipoli campaign of World War I which had also been devised by Churchill and expressed concern that he would be scapegoated if the campaign failed. Armies Commanders Allies General Harold AlexanderLieutenant General Mark ClarkMajor General John P. LucasMajor General Lucian Truscott36,000 men increasing to 150,000 men Germans Field Marshal Albert KesselringColonel General Eberhard von Mackensen20,000 men rising to 135,000 men Landing Despite the misgivings of the senior commanders, Operation Shingle moved forward on January 22, 1944, with Major General Ronald Penneys British 1st Infantry Division landing north of Anzio, Colonel William O. Darbys 6615th Ranger Force attacking the port, and Major General Lucian K. Truscotts US 3rd Infantry Division landing south of the town. Coming ashore, Allied forces initially met little resistance and began moving inland. By midnight, 36,000 men had landed and secured a beachhead 2-3 miles deep at a cost of 13 killed and 97 wounded. Rather than move quickly to strike at the German rear, Lucas began strengthening his perimeter despite offers from the Italian resistance to serve as guides. This inaction irritated Churchill and Alexander as it undercut the value of the operation. Facing a superior enemy force, Lucas caution was justified to a degree, however most agree that he should have attempted drive further inland. German Response Though surprised by the Allies actions, Kesselring had made contingency plans for landings at several locations.  When informed of the Allied landings, Kesselring took immediate action by dispatching recently-formed mobile reaction units to the area. Also, he received control of three additional divisions in Italy and three from elsewhere in Europe from OKW (German High Command). Though he initially did not believe the landings could be contained, Lucas inaction changed his mind and by January 24, he had 40,000 men in prepared defensive positions opposite the Allied lines. Battling for the Beachhead The next day, Colonel General Eberhard von Mackensen was given command of the German defenses. Across the lines, Lucas was reinforced by the US 45th Infantry Division and US 1st Armored Division. On January 30, he launched a two-prong attack with the British attacking up the Via Anziate towards Campoleone while the US 3rd Infantry Division and Rangers assaulted Cisterna. In the fighting that resulted, the attack on Cisterna was repulsed, with the Rangers taking heavy losses. The fighting saw two battalions of the elite troops effectively destroyed. Elsewhere, the British gained ground up the Via Anziate but failed to take the town. As a result, an exposed salient was created in the lines. This bulge would soon become the target of repeated German assaults (Map). A Command Change By early February Mackensens force totaled over 100,000 men facing Lucas 76,400. On February 3, the Germans attacked the Allied lines with a focus on the Via Anziate salient. In several days of heavy fighting, they succeeded in pushing the British back. By February 10, the salient had been lost and a planned counterattack the next day failed when the Germans were tipped off by a radio intercept. On February 16, the German assault was renewed and Allied forces on the Via Anziate front were pushed back to their prepared defenses at the Final Beachhead Line before the Germans were halted by VI Corps reserves. The last gasps of the German offensive were blocked on February 20. Frustrated with Lucas performance, Clark replaced him with Truscott on February 22. General Sir Harold Alexander with Major General Lucian K. Truscott Jr. in the Anzio beachhead, Italy, 4 March 1944. Public Domain Under pressure from Berlin, Kesselring and Mackensen ordered another attack on February 29. Striking near Cisterna, this effort was repulsed by the Allies with around 2,500 German casualties. With the situation at a stalemate, Truscott and Mackensen suspended offensive operations until spring. During this time, Kesselring constructed the Caesar C defensive line between the beachhead and Rome. Working with Alexander and Clark, Truscott helped plan Operation Diadem which called for a massive offensive in May. As part of this, he was instructed to devise two plans. New Plans The first, Operation Buffalo, called for an attack to cut Route 6 at Valmontone to aid in trapping the German Tenth Army, while the other, Operation Turtle, was for an advance through Campoleone and Albano towards Rome. While Alexander selected Buffalo, Clark was adamant that US forces be the first to enter Rome and lobbied for Turtle. Though Alexander insisted on severing Route 6, he told Clark that Rome was an option if Buffalo ran into trouble. As a result, Clark instructed Truscott to be ready to execute both operations. Breaking Out The offensive moved forward on May 23 with Allied troops hitting the Gustav Line and beachhead defenses. While the British pinned Mackensens men at Via Anziate, American forces finally took Cisterna on May 25. By the end of the day, US forces were three miles from Valmontone with Buffalo proceeding according to plan and Truscott anticipating severing Route 6 the next day. That evening, Truscott was stunned to receive orders from Clark calling for him to turn his attack ninety degrees towards Rome. While the attack towards Valmontone would continue, it would be much weakened. A Controversial Decision Clark did not inform Alexander of this change until the morning of May 26 at which point the orders could not be reversed. Exploiting the slowed American attack, Kesselring moved parts of four divisions into the Velletri Gap to stall the advance. Holding Route 6 open until May 30, they allowed seven divisions from the Tenth Army to escape north. Forced to reorient his forces, Truscott was not able to attack towards Rome until May 29. Encountering the Caesar C Line, VI Corps, now aided by II Corps, was able to exploit a gap in the German defenses. By June 2, the German line collapsed and Kesselring was ordered to retreat north of Rome. American forces led by Clark entered the city three days later (Map). Aftermath The fighting during the Anzio campaign saw Allied forces sustain around 7,000 killed and 36,000 wounded/missing. German losses were around 5,000 killed, 30,500 wounded/missing, and 4,500 captured. Though the campaign ultimately proved successful, Operation Shingle has been criticized for being poorly planned and executed. While Lucas should have been more aggressive, his force was too small to achieve the objectives it was assigned. Also, Clarks change of plan during Operation Diadem allowed large parts of the German Tenth Army to escape, allowing it to continue fighting through the rest of the year. Though criticized, Churchill relentlessly defended the Anzio operation claiming that though it failed to achieve its tactical goals, it succeeded in holding German forces in Italy and preventing their redeployment to Northwest Europe on the eve of the Normandy invasion.

Therapeutic encounter exercise with reflective piece Essay

Therapeutic encounter exercise with reflective piece - Essay Example Despite of that, the patient shows strong long-term memory and upper body. He is sociable and is partially-independent. With his current state, the barriers, goals and facilitators were discussed as his findings had shown. The goal of the nurse is to assist the patient to become independent as much as possible with support and care that he needs especially for the tasks that he cannot perform. Therapeutic encounter involves the life-changing perceptions of the client towards himself with the assistance of health practitioner who regularly reflects and makes great influence to the client (Pickhardt, 2011, paragraph 7). The practice is related to helping the client cope up with his situation and changing his perspective in life for the better. With that in mind, empathy becomes an important factor in therapeutic encounter which is known as a â€Å"cognitive attribute that involves an understanding of experiences, concerns and perspectives of the patient, combined with a capacity to communicate this understanding,† (Convingtonn, 2003 as seen in Rakel et.al. 2011). The existence of empathy then creates a bond that allows the health practitioner to assist to connect and to help the patient in the process of healing. For the case of the study, the therapeutic encounter was linked to Orem approach which is a model that allows the nurse to assist the patient with self-care. The patient slowly learned how to take care of himself through the guidance of the nurse instead of the nurse doing everything for the patient (Pearson, Vaughan, and Fitzgerald, 1996, p. 5). Enhancing the capabilities of the patient to take care of himself would render him to be self-sufficient in some ways. The following information is divided into four sections: findings, facilitators and barriers as well as one main nursing goal with thorough discussion for each. The findings are based on the

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Research Paper

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - Research Paper Example .............9 Section Three 3.1 Treatment and results........................................................11 References...............................................................................15 Post-traumatic stress disorder Section One 1.1 History Post-traumatic stress disorder is an anxiety disorder that is precipitated by a traumatic event, usually a life-threatening situation either for the individual, or for a bystander that the individual is witnessing. When the period of adjusting and coping does not abate after a short length of time and the traumatic responses have only gotten worse, an individual is usually then diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. Even though the American Psychiatric Association only began recognizing post-traumatic stress disorder in the early 1980s, and thus including it in the Diagnostic Manual of Mental Disorders, this anxiety disorder has been noted to have been around for many centuries. Many of the apparent causes of post-trauma tic stress disorder, which will be discussed in-depth in due time, most of which involve putting the lives of others at risk, have been around since the dawn of mankind. Battle, the tragic loss of a loved one, or else someone finding themselves in a situation in which their safety is compromised have all been a part of the human experience. As such, it can be assumed that post-traumatic stress disorder dates back thus far. ... This was before the disorder was officially recognized. It was not until the aftermath of the Vietnam War that the intensity of post-traumatic stress disorder became clear, though it was originally classified as a disorder directly connected to the Vietnam War itself (Fredericks, 2010). The veterans, many of whom were diagnosed with what was first known as post-Vietnam syndrome, became active in making it known that post-traumatic stress disorder was a real disorder, one that needed proper research so that treatment could be given. 1.2 Symptoms The symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder normally do not make themselves known until approximately three months after a traumatic event. However, there have been some cases in which symptoms did not appear for many years after the individual experienced or witnessed the event. There are three categories that symptoms pertaining to post-traumatic stress disorder are grouped, which are intrusive memories, avoidance and numbing, and increas ed anxiety or emotional arousal. Intrusive memories: When a person shows symptoms related to intrusive memories, they have flashbacks or dreams about the event. They tend to relive the event for many minutes at a time, though some patients have relived the traumatic experience for days at a time. These flashbacks and dreams are undesirable to the individual, constantly reminding them of what took place and causing them to feel anxious. Avoidance and numbing: In response to traumatic events, most people prefer to cope by avoiding anything to do with the event. However, someone who has is suffering from or has developed post-traumatic stress disorder really goes out of the way to avoid reminders of the event that took place. They avoid talking and

Self Determination Theory in Injury Rehabilitation

Self Determination Theory in Injury Rehabilitation Self-Determination Theory as a proposed aid to Athletic Injury Rehabilitation Just as Honda Motor Company advertises widely that the technology it places in its Formula I racing program finds its way to each consumer automobile it sells, one can find the same justification for utilizing psychological interventions to increase the performance of athletes, especially after potentially career-ending or –derailing injuries. The success of such interventions, much as is efficacy of the technology in 200+mph race cars, is exceptionally clarified during moments of intense sport action. Similarly, by incorporating elements of Self-Determination Theory and motivational interviewing during the â€Å"pit time† of an athlete in rehab, their likelihood of emerging as strong as or perhaps even stronger than before the injury are increased. In fine scientific tradition, the basis of Self-Determination Theory (SDT) is found in the continual evolution of prior theories that were found lacking. For example, in one early model, Hull’s Drive Theory, motivation was posited to simply be a factor of unmet physiological needs. While this is true for some ‘drives’, for other needs such as emotional or even play, this theory was notably silent (Deci Ryan 2000, p. 228). Another example of an ‘unfinished’ theory would be Skinner’s operant conditioning, a very useful theory that nonetheless omits intrinsic motivations (Deci Ryan 2000, p. 233). Fundamental precepts of SDT indicate that people â€Å"have an innate organizational tendency toward growth, integration of the self, and the resolution of psychological inconsistency† (Markland, Ryan, Tobin Rollnick 2005, p.815). These three concepts are both the â€Å"what† and the â€Å"why† of motivation have been demonstrated to not only be valid theoretically but also in real-world field research where actual behaviors occur (Ryan Deci 2000, pp. 228 and 258). In first speculating about and then later in predicting and then influencing behavior, SDT argues that motivation must first be understood. According to SDT, behaviors lie on a continuum from externally motivated, in which others control behavior through reinforcements, to identification which is very â€Å"self-determined†. In between these extremes is behavior motivated by introspective regulations as would be the case when someone partially internalizes motivation, often because of self-esteem type issues that are unstable as sources of continual motivation (Markland, et al 2005, p. 816). To begin bridging motivation with actual performance, that is to bring together intent with actual outcome, it is well documented that those with a greater degree of internal motivation do better in â€Å"motivational persistence, quality of behavior and learning, and well-being outcomes in†¦ education, work, sports, exercise†¦.† (Markland, et al 2005, p. 817). Though it is not enough to say that these things just â€Å"happen†, there are methods designed to facilitate the internalization of goals. Such techniques as Motivation Interviewing, in fact, make a purposeful facilitation of this objective. In short, Motivational Interviewing is style of counseling that has been widely adopted for behavioral change. Beginning with the reasonable assumption that there is not a single behavior that did not first begin as a thought or motive emotion, the key to changing behavior is to change one’s motivation. It achieves this through the exploration and resolution of the client’s ambivalence in choosing one â€Å"desired† behavior over another â€Å"undesired† behavior (Markland, et al 2005, p. 813). By assisting the client to clarify the conflicts of change and the choices they make and rationalize, the therapist is able to facilitate the client to want to change, thus overcoming their own ambivalence. To better illustrate how these methods might work, consider the following case: John is a third year high school athlete in a top-third soccer program. He consistently plays at a high level and has been told that he has potential to possibly play at a top college program. The key to this seems to be to continue to evolve as a total player, attend a top-flight summer camp program and have a predictably excellent final year. Everything proceeds according to plan when, at the summer camp, he has a severe grade II hamstring pull. Though he immediately iced it, he was unable to move faster than a limping walk for two days. Surgical repair was ill advised due to the specific nature and location and aggressive therapy was prescribed. Clearly, John seems to be properly motivated for ‘his best efforts’ at recovery prior to the fall season only 3 months away. On the line is a college scholarship, the admiration of his peers and the otherwise ‘abandonment’ of his team. Seemingly, all the ingredients for motivational performance in the â€Å"sport of rehabilitation† are present yet, when one examines these, it is not apparent the extent to which he is internally motivated. Is he playing to save his parent’s money? Will his girlfriend reject him if he becomes a â€Å"spectator†? These are potentially powerful motivators yet SDT research clearly indicates an almost linear relationship between performance and the degree of internal motivation. To utilize the SDT and motivational interviewing precepts to John’s advantage, the first order of business is to become â€Å"client-centric† by giving John choices in his care. The greater extent that John can control the outcome in a medically acceptable way, the greater the extent that he will feel as though he is in charge and therefore motivation is more intrinsic and thus he is more likely to perform better during and consequently after rehab as well (Podlog Eklund 2005, p. 23; Markland et al 2005, p. 818). In addition, in direct support of SDT, the following motivational interview techniques are recommended: SDT Functional Area Competence Autonomy Relatedness Clear neutral information about goals and outcomes Avoid coercion Express empathy Develop appropriate goals â€Å"Roll with resistance† Explore concerns Positive feedback Explore Options Demonstrate understanding of the client’s position Self-efficacy is supported Client-centric decision making Avoid judgment and blame (Markland et al 2005, p. 821) As an additional adjunct to utilizing SDT theory and as indicated earlier, it is not a great stretch of the imagination to envision rehab as a form of sport in which you continually compete against one’s on â€Å"personal best†, the admonitions of your medical â€Å"coaches† and the coming next game or season, as applicable. By doing so, not only does this perspective further enable one to apply SDT to rehab as to other settings but is also allows the athlete to leverage the intrinsic competitiveness and drive to achieve greater gains in rehabilitation. An example in which we might apply a broader portion of sports psychology to a rehab setting would be to utilize mental rehearsal not just of a sporting moment but of rehab exercises. By focusing on the specific components of a rehab exercise, performance is likely to be increased just as visualizing on-the-field performance can enhance the performance of a healthy athlete (Wrisberg Fisher 2005, p. 58). In conclusion, by utilizing sport psychology and SDT and Motivational Interviewing techniques in particular, there is a great likelihood that John, our case study, performance could be significantly enhanced not only in rehab but in the following season as well. By clearing the mind of its barriers and ambivalence to performance, the body will be enabled to reach its utmost performance potentials. Works Consulted Deci, E. and R. Ryan. (2000). â€Å"The â€Å"What† and â€Å"Why† of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior†. Psychological Inquiry, (11), 4, pp. 227-268. Markland, D., R. Ryan, V. Tobin, and S. Rollnick. (2005). â€Å"Motivational Interviewing and Self-Determination Theory†. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, (24), 6, pp. 811-831. Podlog, L. and R. Eklund. (2005). â€Å"Return to Sport After Serious Injury: A Retrospective Examination of Motivation and Psychological Outcomes†. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, (14), pp. 20-34. Wrisberg, C. and L. Fisher. (2005). â€Å"Mental Rehearsal During Rehabilitation†. Athletic Therapy Today, (6),10, pp. 58-59.

Using the Data and Your Economic Knowledge

Using the data and your economic knowledge, evaluate the possible consequences for UK macroeconomic performance if the euro area and the US seek to reduce their balance of payments deficits on current account. The four major objectives are (i) full employment, (ii) price stability, (iii) a high, but sustainable, rate of economic growth, and (iv) keeping the Balance of Payments in equilibrium.If a country is suffering from inflation and a balance of payments deficit, it is usually because the government is spending too much. In such circumstance, the Fund agrees to lend the country some â€Å"transitional funds†, providing the government agrees to reduce its deficit and slow growth in the money supply That should raise the value of sterling, reduce the price of imports, and reduce demand for UK goods and services abroad.However, the impact of interest rates on the exchange rate is, unfortunately, seldom that predictable. Changes in spending feed through into output and, in turn , into employment. That can affect wage costs by changing the relative balance of demand and supply for workers. But it also influences wage bargainers’ expectations of inflation – an important consideration for the eventual settlement. The impact on output and wages feeds through to producers’ costs and prices, and eventually consumer prices.Some of these influences can work more quickly than others. And the overall effect of monetary policy will be more rapid if it is credible. But, in general, there are time lags before changes in interest rates affect spending and saving decisions, and longer still before they affect consumer prices. Cutting the interest rate, causing savers to move their money from UK banks to other banks, this will cause a fall in demand for pounds and so a depreciation in the currency.This will therefore make UK exports seem cheaper abroad, and therefore increase the level of exports as we have greater international competitiveness on pri ce But there are certain draw backs, such as Savers are not garunteed to respond to a cut in the interest rate. and therefore the value of the pound may be unaffected? Lowering the interest rate will increase borrowing and expenditure, including increased expendiiture on imports therefore increasing the Balance of Payments deficit

Working Solution Definition - Chemistry Glossary

Definition: Working Solution is a name given to a chemical solution made for actual use in the lab, usually made from diluting or combining stock or standard solutions.

MOVE Philadelphia Bombing Free Essay Example, 1750 words

Ultimately, black activism in the United States has been seen as more threatening than other displays of activism in the United States. Firstly, prior to delving into the issue of the MOVE bombing of 198 it is useful to understand the fact that even though the civil rights era had begun a full 30 years previously, United States officials and the society at large, was still very much aware of the threat and the pervasive fear that black nationalism, black activism, black terrorism, and any other illegal activity that could be perpetrated by African-Americans might necessarily denote (King & Smith 79). As such, the response that was engaged to almost any form of black activism, crime, drug usage, or any other illegal, or conceivably illegal, activity was extreme to say the least. For years, pundits and political analysts have pointed to the disparity with respect to the way in which African-Americans exist under the criminal justice system of the United States. However, the situation that was denoted with the Philadelphia MOVE community was one that can only be understood as a response motivated primarily by racial fear, suspicion, and a great deal of prejudice and preconceived notions with respect to the way in which this particular group was expected to behave. Ultimately, the events that took place in 1985, with regards to the Philadelphia MOVE group, helps to illustrate the disparity between the way in which black separatism and white separatism was treated. We will write a custom essay sample on MOVE Philadelphia Bombing or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now For instance, an individual who might have espoused a radical ideology that promoted rabbit antigovernment views and promoted a degree of racial discord and white supremacy would not likely have been engaged in the same manner that the individuals of the Philadelphia MOVE group were treated. Interestingly, a complete and thorough analysis of the incident up to and including the bombing of this group denotes the fact that even though a high percentage of the group’s members were in fact African-American, a unique level of black separatism, racism, or any other racial motivations do not have any level of conclusive proof with regards to this specific group an incident. However, the lack of evidence and/or the lack of violence that this particular group displayed was not in and of itself sufficient to dissuade the officials responsible for the debacle, or indeed the media that reported it, from understanding this response in a slanted, un-object ive and ultimately racist manner. In order to identify the level of abject racism that existed with respect to the 1985 MOVE bombing, the reader must delve into the history of the formation of the group that ultimately came to be known as MOVE.